Where 130 Famous Companies Started: Garages, Shops and One-Room Offices

1. 

   01

   Barclays · 1690

   A goldsmith's shop on Lombard Street

   John Freame and Thomas Gould, two Quaker goldsmith bankers, start trading in Lombard Street in the City of London — the business Barclays traces itself back to.

   Source: home.barclays, Our history · Barclays Group Archives, “Lombard Street”

   The full Barclays profile →

2. 

   02

   GSK · 1715

   Plough Court pharmacy, City of London

   Apothecary Silvanus Bevan opened the Plough Court pharmacy, offering medical advice and medicines. It became Allen & Hanburys in 1856 and was later bought by Glaxo. GSK calls itself the longest continually running British pharmaceutical company.

   Source: gsk.com, History and heritage

   The full GSK profile →

3. 

   03

   LVMH · 1743–1854

   Roots in Champagne, Cognac and Paris

   The group's oldest houses date back centuries: Moët & Chandon (1743), Hennessy (1765) and Louis Vuitton, the Paris trunk-maker founded in 1854.

   Source: LVMH URD 2025, History

   The full LVMH profile →

4. 

   04

   Diageo · 1759

   St. James's Gate, Dublin — the Guinness lease

   Arthur Guinness signs a 9,000-year lease on a disused property at St. James's Gate, Dublin, and starts brewing. The company that is today Diageo plc was incorporated as Arthur Guinness Son and Company Limited on October 21, 1886.

   Source: diageo.com “Our history” · Form 20-F FY2026

   The full Diageo profile →

5. 

   05

   JPMorganChase · 1799

   The Manhattan Company — a water company that became a bank

   JPMorganChase's earliest predecessor was chartered in New York City to supply drinking water; its founders included Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton. Within five months, The Bank of The Manhattan Company opened for business.

   Source: jpmorganchase.com, History

   The full JPMorganChase profile →

6. 

   06

   Generali · 1831

   Palazzo Carciotti — where Generali was founded

   The “Imperial Royal Privileged Company of Austro-Italian General Insurance” was founded in 1831 in Palazzo Carciotti on Trieste's waterfront, a neoclassical palace designed in 1798 by Matteo Pertsch for the Greek merchant Demetrio Carciotti. Fourteen employees worked there; it housed the first headquarters from 1832 to 1865.

   Source: Generali Bollettino, Dec 2025 · Palazzo Carciotti press release, Dec 9, 2024

   The full Generali profile →

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   07

   Wärtsilä · 1834

   A sawmill in the village of Värtsilä

   Wärtsilä began as a sawmill founded on April 12, 1834, in Värtsilä, a small village in North Karelia. The sawmill soon grew into an ironworks.

   Source: wartsila.com — History timeline

   The full Wärtsilä profile →

8. 

   08

   Procter & Gamble · 1837

   Founded in Cincinnati

   Brothers-in-law William Procter, a candle maker, and James Gamble, a soap maker, started the business in Cincinnati in 1837. P&G has been headquartered in the city ever since.

   Source: Form 10-K FY2026, Item 1 · us.pg.com, Cincinnati Headquarters

   The full Procter & Gamble profile →

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   09

   Hermès · 1837

   A harness workshop on rue Basse-du-Rempart

   Harness-maker Thierry Hermès opened his workshop on rue Basse-du-Rempart, in the Grands Boulevards district of Paris.

   Source: URD 2025, § 1.1 and “Hermès in key dates”

   The full Hermès profile →

10. 

    10

    John Deere · 1837

    A steel plow in Grand Detour

    Blacksmith John Deere built a plow with a moldboard made from a broken steel saw blade near Grand Detour, Illinois. It shed the sticky prairie soil that clogged wood and iron plows; he built 10 more in 1839.

    Source: deere.com, History and Heritage

    The full John Deere profile →

11. 

    11

    Carlsberg · 1846–47

    A brewery on Valby Hill

    In 1846 J.C. Jacobsen bought a large plot on Valby Hill, west of central Copenhagen, and founded his brewery there in 1847. He named it after his five-year-old son Carl and the Danish word “bjerg” (hill).

    Source: carlsberggroup.com, “The honorary residence” and “J.C. Jacobsen”

    The full Carlsberg profile →

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    12

    Siemens · 1847

    A back-courtyard workshop at Schöneberger Strasse 19, Berlin

    Werner von Siemens and precision mechanic Johann Georg Halske founded the Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske to build his pointer telegraph. The 10-man company began operating on October 12, 1847, in a back courtyard at Schöneberger Strasse 19.

    Source: siemens.com, History and Company development timeline

    The full Siemens profile →

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    13

    Pfizer · 1849

    A red brick building in Williamsburg, Brooklyn

    Cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart founded Charles Pfizer & Company with a $2,500 loan from Pfizer's father. One humble red brick building served as office, lab, factory and warehouse.

    Source: pfizer.com company timeline · “In Celebrating 175 Years” article

    The full Pfizer profile →

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    14

    BBVA · 1857

    A small office in Bilbao

    Banco de Bilbao opened on August 24, 1857 in a modest head office at number 7 of what was then Calle Estufa, beside the river in Bilbao. It had 106 founders.

    Source: bbva.com, “A brief history of BBVA (I)” · “La memoria de BBVA, su Archivo Histórico”

    The full BBVA profile →

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    15

    ENGIE · 1858

    The Suez Canal company

    Ferdinand de Lesseps founded the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez in Egypt — the root of the Suez name ENGIE carried for many years.

    Source: engie.com, “Our history”

    The full ENGIE profile →

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    16

    UBS · 1862

    Bank in Winterthur — the starting point

    Bank in Winterthur, founded in 1862, is the historical starting point of today's UBS. It first rented rooms in the house “Zu den drei Blumen”, then moved into its own baroque building on Untere Museumsstrasse — today's Stadthausstrasse — where UBS still has an office.

    Source: ubs.com Virtual Museum, 1862

    The full UBS profile →

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    17

    Bayer · 1863

    Founded in Barmen

    On August 1, 1863, dye salesman Friedrich Bayer and master dyer Johann Friedrich Weskott founded “Friedr. Bayer et comp.” in Barmen, today part of Wuppertal, to make and sell synthetic dyes. The workforce grew from 3 people to more than 300 by 1881.

    Source: bayer.com, History of Bayer (timeline)

    The full Bayer profile →

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    18

    Heineken · 1864

    The Haystack brewery

    On February 15, 1864, 22-year-old Gerard Adriaan Heineken took over De Hooiberg (the Haystack), a brewery on the Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal in Amsterdam. A second Heineken brewery opened in Rotterdam less than a decade later.

    Source: theheinekencompany.com, “Our heritage” · Heineken Collection Foundation

    The full Heineken profile →

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    19

    RBC (Royal Bank of Canada) · 1864

    Bedford Row, Halifax — the first head office

    The bank was created as the Merchants Bank in 1864. Its building on Bedford Row in Halifax served as the first head office and Halifax branch from 1864 to 1879.

    Source: RBC Annual Information Form 2025 · rbc.com, Virtual Exhibits

    The full RBC (Royal Bank of Canada) profile →

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    20

    HSBC · 1865

    Wardley House, 1 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong

    Founded by Thomas Sutherland, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation opened on 3 March 1865 in rented offices in Wardley House, with sweeping views over the harbour. The directors bought the building the next year.

    Source: hsbc.com history timeline · HSBC History, “There's no place like home”

    The full HSBC profile →

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    21

    BASF · 1865

    Founded in Mannheim, built in Ludwigshafen

    Friedrich Engelhorn, owner of a coal gas company in Mannheim, founded the stock corporation “Badische Anilin- & Sodafabrik” in Mannheim on April 6, 1865. When attempts to buy land on the Baden side of the Rhine failed, the plants were built on the opposite bank in Ludwigshafen, then part of the Kingdom of Bavaria.

    Source: basf.com History, Chronology “1865”

    The full BASF profile →

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    22

    Nokia · 1865

    A wood-pulp mill on the Tammerkoski rapids, Tampere

    Mining engineer Fredrik Idestam founded his first wood-pulp mill in southern Finland in 1865 — on the Tammerkoski rapids in Tampere, as Nokia's Finland careers page puts it.

    Source: nokia.com “Historiamme” (our history) · nokia.com/careers/our-locations/finland

    The full Nokia profile →

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    23

    Nestlé · 1866

    Cham — the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company

    American brothers Charles and George Page open Europe's first condensed-milk factory in Cham, using Switzerland's plentiful fresh milk. Nestlé counts this as the start of its history.

    Source: nestle.com history timeline · press release, Feb 12, 2013

    The full Nestlé profile →

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    24

    General Mills · 1866

    A flour mill on the Mississippi

    Cadwallader C. Washburn built a mill on the west bank of the Mississippi in Minneapolis, founding the Washburn-Crosby Company. St. Anthony Falls supplied the water power; it was the largest flour mill west of Buffalo, New York.

    Source: generalmills.com, Our history

    The full General Mills profile →

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    25

    Goldman Sachs · 1869

    A one-room shop on Pine Street

    Marcus Goldman, a Bavarian-born immigrant, moved his family to New York and set up a one-room office on Pine Street, buying and selling promissory notes. In his first year he traded more than $5 million in commercial paper.

    Source: goldmansachs.com, History: 1869 founding · 1929 30 Pine Street

    The full Goldman Sachs profile →

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    26

    ExxonMobil · 1870

    Standard Oil Company (Ohio)

    John D. Rockefeller and his associates form the Standard Oil Company (Ohio), whose combined plants were the largest refining capacity of any single firm in the world.

    Source: corporate.exxonmobil.com “Our history”

    The full ExxonMobil profile →

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    27

    Deutsche Bank · 1870

    Französische Straße 21, Berlin

    Deutsche Bank was founded on March 10, 1870 by 76 shareholders and opened for business on April 9, 1870 in rented rooms at Französische Straße 21, an ordinary-looking building near Unter den Linden.

    Source: db.com History FAQ · country.db.com (Japan) history · bankgeschichte.de “Locations”

    The full Deutsche Bank profile →

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    28

    Shiseido · 1872

    A pharmacy in Ginza

    Arinobu Fukuhara, a former chief pharmacist of the Navy hospital, opened Japan's first private Western-style pharmacy in Ginza, Tokyo, at age 24.

    Source: Shiseido History (corp.shiseido.com)

    The full Shiseido profile →

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    29

    Pirelli · 1872

    Via Ponte Seveso — the first factory

    G.B. Pirelli & C. was founded on January 28, 1872, with its seat in Corpi Santi di Milano. The first factory, on Via Ponte Seveso (today Via Fabio Filzi), covered 1,000 m² in open countryside, with offices on the left and the plant on the right; production began in June 1873 with 40 workers and 5 clerks.

    Source: Fondazione Pirelli, “Of uncommon size and robust elegance” (2022) · corporate.pirelli.com History

    The full Pirelli profile →

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    30

    Eli Lilly and Company · 1876

    A small brick building on Pearl Street

    Colonel Eli Lilly, a chemist and Civil War veteran, opened his business on Pearl Street on May 10, 1876, with three employees. A 2026 state historical marker stands near the spot, at South Meridian and Pearl Streets.

    Source: Lilly press release “Lilly Celebrates 125 Years” (2001) · Indiana Historical Bureau marker (2026) · lilly.com Key facts

    The full Eli Lilly and Company profile →

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    31

    Ericsson · 1876

    Drottninggatan 15 — a workshop in a former kitchen

    On April 1, 1876, Lars Magnus Ericsson opened his mechanical engineering shop in a courtyard building at Drottninggatan 15. With his partner Carl Johan Andersson and an errand boy, he worked in a former kitchen of no more than 13 m², with two foot-pedal lathes.

    Source: ericsson.com history: “Ericsson's first addresses”

    The full Ericsson profile →

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    32

    Henkel · 1876

    Aachen — a factory in a rear courtyard

    On September 26, 1876, Fritz Henkel and two partners registered Henkel & Cie in Aachen and launched their first product, a universal detergent based on silicate.

    Source: henkel.com, Henkel's History (150 Years of Henkel)

    The full Henkel profile →

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    33

    Mitsui & Co. · 1876

    The former Mitsui & Co. opens its doors

    On July 1, 1876 the former Mitsui & Co. (Mitsui Bussan Kaisha) was formed with 16 employees and 27-year-old Takashi Masuda as president. By 1880 it had branches in Shanghai, Paris, Hong Kong, New York and London. Mitsui notes that legally there is no continuity between the former company and today's.

    Source: mitsui.com, Our roots “The founding of the former Mitsui & Co. under its first president, Takashi Masuda”

    The full Mitsui & Co. profile →

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    34

    Unilever · 1880s

    A soap factory in Warrington

    Brothers William and James Lever, with their father's backing, set up a soap factory in Warrington as a branch of the family grocery business. Lever Brothers was soon selling soap across the UK and abroad.

    Source: Unilever Archives, “Formation of Unilever”

    The full Unilever profile →

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    35

    The Swatch Group · 1880

    Omega's founders move to Biel — 119 Route de Boujean

    Under the name Louis Brandt & Fils, the company that became Omega moved from La Chaux-de-Fonds to larger premises in Biel/Bienne, first at 119 Route de Boujean, then at 96 Rue Jakob-Stämpfli — still Omega's home today.

    Source: omegawatches.com chronicle “1880: A New Home”

    The full The Swatch Group profile →

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    36

    Munich Re · 1880

    Two rooms at Maffeistraße 1

    Carl Thieme started business in April 1880 with a staff of four. The first office was two rooms in a building at Maffeistraße 1, known as Munich's “stock exchange bazaar”.

    Source: munichre.com Group History, 1880–1914

    The full Munich Re profile →

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    37

    Rolls-Royce · 1884–1904

    Royce's works on Cooke Street, Manchester

    Henry Royce founded the electrical and mechanical business Royce Limited in 1884 and built his first motor car in 1904. The original Royce works stood on Cooke Street in Manchester.

    Source: rolls-royce.com Our History · Rolls-Royce Motor Cars PressClub photo P90157854

    The full Rolls-Royce profile →

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    38

    Crédit Agricole · 1885

    The first local bank, in Salins-les-Bains

    On 25 February 1885 Alfred Bouvet and Louis Milcent created the “Caisse de crédit mutuel agricole de l'arrondissement de Poligny”. Bouvet lent staff from his forestry company, and the head office was set up in Salins-les-Bains in the Jura. Farmers could borrow up to 600 francs — the price of two draught oxen.

    Source: credit-agricole.com, “Crédit Agricole 140 years of history: 1880s – Creation in the Jura” (2025)

    The full Crédit Agricole profile →

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    39

    Keurig Dr Pepper · 1885

    A drink called a Waco

    Pharmacist Charles Alderton mixed fruit flavours at the Old Corner Drug Store in Waco, Texas; the drink became Dr Pepper. Its later bottling plant on Fifth Street and Mary Avenue is now the Dr Pepper Museum.

    Source: Waco History (Baylor University)

    The full Keurig Dr Pepper profile →

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    40

    The Coca-Cola Company · 1886

    Jacobs’ Pharmacy, downtown Atlanta

    On May 8, 1886, pharmacist Dr. John Pemberton carried a jug of his new syrup down the street to Jacobs’ Pharmacy, where the first glass of Coca-Cola was sold for five cents at the soda fountain. About nine drinks a day were sold that first year.

    Source: coca-colacompany.com, History and “The Birth of a Refreshing Idea”

    The full The Coca-Cola Company profile →

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    41

    Johnson & Johnson · 1886

    The top floor of a former wallpaper factory

    On a train from New York to Philadelphia, James Wood Johnson spotted a four-story red brick building with a “For Rent” sign beside the tracks in New Brunswick — the old Janeway & Carpender wallpaper factory. He rented the top floor, and J&J opened with 14 employees: eight women and six men.

    Source: jnj.com “How a train ride sparked the founding of Johnson & Johnson”

    The full Johnson & Johnson profile →

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    42

    Bosch · 1886

    A workshop in a Stuttgart backyard

    In November 1886 Robert Bosch opened his “Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering” in a courtyard building at 75B Rotebühlstrasse in western Stuttgart, with one journeyman and one errand boy. In 1890 he put up a sign so customers could find it.

    Source: bosch.com history “1886–1905” · History Blog “Robert Bosch becomes a factory owner”

    The full Bosch profile →

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    43

    Nintendo · 1889

    A hanafuda card shop in Shimogyo-ku

    Fusajiro Yamauchi began making hanafuda (flower cards) in Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, in September 1889. From 1902 the company also made Western-style playing cards.

    Source: Nintendo Company History and Company Profile (nintendo.co.jp)

    The full Nintendo profile →

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    44

    Mitsubishi Corporation · 1890

    Mitsubishi buys Marunouchi

    In March 1890 Yanosuke Iwasaki, Mitsubishi's second president, bought about 110,000 tsubo (nearly 90 acres) of land next to the Imperial Palace and set out to build Japan's first modern business district.

    Source: mitsubishicorp.com, Our Roots vol.14

    The full Mitsubishi Corporation profile →

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    45

    ITOKI · 1890

    Itoki Shoten opens in Koraibashi, Osaka

    On December 1, 1890, Kijuro Ito opened Itoki Shoten in Koraibashi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, to sell new inventions. It later sold gem clips and staplers and, in 1913, the Zeniaiki, a forerunner of the cash register.

    Source: itoki.jp, “ITOKI's history” (English and Japanese) · company outline

    The full ITOKI profile →

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    46

    Philips · 1891

    A small light-bulb factory on the Emmasingel, Eindhoven

    Gerard Philips and his father Frederik founded Philips & Co. in Eindhoven in 1891 and began making incandescent light bulbs on the Emmasingel. The old lamp factory still stands: it is a listed building, now wrapped in a glass gallery as the Philips Museum.

    Source: philips.com “Our history” · “135 years of Philips” (May 13, 2026) · Philips Museum, “The Old Lamp Factory”

    The full Philips profile →

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    Ford Motor Company · 1896

    Bagley Avenue, Detroit — a garage

    Before there was a company, Henry Ford developed his Quadracycle in the garage of his house on Bagley Avenue. Ford's own archivist calls it, in a way, the company's first home.

    Source: Ford From the Road, “The Many Homes of Ford on the American Road” (Ted Ryan, Sep 16, 2025)

    The full Ford Motor Company profile →

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    48

    Roche · 1896

    Founded in Basel

    F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co was founded on October 1, 1896, in Basel, Switzerland. Fritz Hoffmann had seen the cholera outbreak in Hamburg and believed medicines should be made industrially and sold internationally.

    Source: roche.com, “Our history”

    The full Roche profile →

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    PepsiCo · 1898

    A pharmacy in New Bern, North Carolina

    Pepsi started with a pharmacist, Caleb Bradham, mixing a new drink behind his counter in New Bern. He named it Pepsi-Cola in 1898.

    Source: pepsico.com story “The heart and hustle of where we began” (2026) · year: Wikipedia

    The full PepsiCo profile →

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    Vestas · 1898

    A blacksmith's workshop in Lem

    22-year-old Hans Søren Hansen steps off a train in the farming town of Lem on Denmark's west coast and buys the local blacksmith workshop.

    Source: vestas.com, History 1898–1970

    The full Vestas profile →

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    Rabobank · 1898

    Eindhoven — the Coöperatieve Centrale Boerenleenbank

    Local farmers' lending banks set up two central organizations in 1898. One was the Coöperatieve Centrale Boerenleenbank in Eindhoven. Its office building at Dommelstraat 9, with the bank's name still above the door, is today a national monument (rijksmonument 518714).

    Source: rabobank.com History · Rijksmonument register no. 518714 (via Wikimedia Commons captions)

    The full Rabobank profile →

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    NEC · 1899

    Nippon Electric Company is founded

    Established on July 17, 1899 — the day Japan's revised treaties took effect — by Kunihiko Iwadare and W.T. Carleton of Western Electric's Tokyo branch, helped by Takeshiro Maeda. NEC says its head office stands today in Shiba 5-chome, “where the company originated.”

    Source: NEC history page (nec.com / jpn.nec.com)

    The full NEC profile →

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    Dentsu · 1901

    A small rented house

    Hoshio Mitsunaga started an advertising agency, Nippon Kokoku, in July 1901 to fund a news agency, which he set up in the same building that November. The company started out in a rented house only 12 feet wide by 18 feet deep (6 tsubo).

    Source: Dentsu Business History 1901 (English and Japanese pages)

    The full Dentsu profile →

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    Target · 1902

    Dayton Dry Goods Company, Minneapolis

    Target traces its start to the Dayton Dry Goods Company, founded in Minneapolis in 1902. The company was incorporated in Minnesota the same year.

    Source: corporate.target.com, Twin Cities page · Form 10-K FY2025, Item 1

    The full Target profile →

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    3M · 1902

    Founded in Two Harbors

    Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company was founded in Two Harbors, Minnesota, by Dr. J. Danley Budd, Henry S. Bryan, William A. McGonagle, John Dwan and Hermon W. Cable. The mine failed to produce corundum for sandpaper, and sales were weak.

    Source: 3m.com, “3M History”

    The full 3M profile →

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    A.P. Moller - Maersk · 1904

    Founded in Svendborg

    A.P. Moller - Maersk was established on 16 April 1904 in the small town of Svendborg on the Danish island of Funen, where A.P. Møller's family home, Villa Anna, stood.

    Source: maersk.com, Our history

    The full A.P. Moller - Maersk profile →

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    General Motors · 1908

    Founded by a carriage maker from Flint

    William C. Durant, who had built Buick into a leading carmaker in Flint, Michigan, incorporated General Motors on September 16, 1908. Within 16 months he had bought 22 companies.

    Source: gm.com Heritage, “GM Founder William Durant's Story”

    The full General Motors profile →

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    L'Oréal · 1909

    A two-room flat on rue d'Alger

    Chemist Eugène Schueller founded the Société Française de Teintures Inoffensives pour Cheveux (“French Company of Harmless Hair Dyes”). He set up in a two-room flat at 3 rue d'Alger in central Paris, which was both his office and his demonstration room.

    Source: Founding: L'Oréal URD 2025 §1.1.5 and loreal.com history · Address: Wikipedia (French)

    The full L'Oréal profile →

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    Boeing · 1910

    Bill Boeing buys a shipyard on the Duwamish

    Timber businessman Bill Boeing bought Heath Shipyard, a small boatbuilder on the banks of the Duwamish River in South Seattle, near today's Georgetown neighborhood, taking on its debts.

    Source: boeing.com feature “A fitting finale for Freedom Plane in the city that defines aviation” (Aug 2026)

    The full Boeing profile →

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    IBM · 1911

    CTR in Endicott, New York

    The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company was formed on June 16, 1911 from four companies. It was renamed International Business Machines on February 14, 1924.

    Source: Wikipedia, “IBM” and “History of IBM”

    The full IBM profile →

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    AstraZeneca · 1913

    Astra is founded in Södertälje, Sweden

    Astra AB was founded in Södertälje by a group of doctors and apothecaries. Astra later opened R&D sites in Gothenburg (1954) and Lund (1955).

    Source: astrazeneca.com, “Our history” timeline

    The full AstraZeneca profile →

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    The LEGO Group · 1916

    A carpentry shop in Billund

    On February 1, 1916, Ole Kirk Kristiansen, 24, bought Billund Maskinsnedkeri, the woodworking and carpentry shop in Billund, for DKK 10,000. It made doors, windows, furniture and farm tools.

    Source: lego.com/history, “Ole Kirk Kristiansen settles in Billund”

    The full The LEGO Group profile →

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    BMW Group · 1916

    Born beside an airfield

    BMW counts its birthday from the founding of Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW), the reorganised aircraft maker of Gustav Otto, on March 7, 1916. In 1917 Karl Rapp's engine works was renamed Bayerische Motorenwerke and the blue-and-white logo appeared.

    Source: bmwgroup.com, History · BMW Group Classic blog “Looking ahead. Into the past.”

    The full BMW Group profile →

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    Nikon · 1917

    Koishikawa — the first head office, inside Tokyo Keiki

    Nippon Kogaku K.K. was formed from the optical-instrument division of Tokyo Keiki Seisakusho and the reflector division of Iwaki Glass, with investment from Koyata Iwasaki of Mitsubishi Goshi. Its first head office was inside Tokyo Keiki at 120 Haramachi, Koishikawa (today Hakusan 4-chome, Bunkyo).

    Source: Nikon corporate history (1917–), cn.nikon.com · Nikon careers site, “History & Future”

    The full Nikon profile →

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    Phillips 66 · 1917

    Phillips Petroleum in Bartlesville

    Brothers Frank and L.E. Phillips founded Phillips Petroleum Company, headquartered in Bartlesville, Oklahoma.

    Source: phillips66.com, History

    The full Phillips 66 profile →

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    Panasonic · 1918

    A rented two-storey house in Ohiraki-cho, Osaka

    On March 7, 1918, Konosuke Matsushita moved from a cramped home in Ikaino to a larger rented two-storey house in Ohiraki-cho (today Ohiraki 2-chome, Fukushima-ku) and founded Matsushita Electric Housewares Manufacturing Works. Three ground-floor rooms became the workshop, with two hand-operated presses and a staff of three: Konosuke, his wife Mumeno and her brother Toshio Iue. By the end of the year there were 20 people.

    Source: Panasonic Group History, 1918 (English and Japanese pages)

    The full Panasonic profile →

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    Hilton · 1919

    The Mobley, Cisco, Texas

    Conrad Hilton went to Cisco to buy a bank and bought a local hotel, The Mobley, instead. Hilton counts this as the start of the company.

    Source: stories.hilton.com, The Story of Hilton (history timeline)

    The full Hilton profile →

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    Olympus · 1919

    Founded in Hatagaya, Shibuya

    Takeshi Yamashita founded the company as Takachiho Seisakusho on October 12, 1919 in the Hatagaya district of Tokyo's Shibuya Ward, to make microscopes in Japan. Its first microscope, the Asahi, followed in 1920. In 1926 a shrine was built in the head-office grounds for the seventh anniversary.

    Source: Olympus, “Founding of Olympus” and chronology 1919–1945

    The full Olympus profile →

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    Lowe's · 1921

    Lowe's North Wilkesboro Hardware

    L.S. Lowe opened a general store in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina. Besides hardware and building materials it sold sewing notions, dry goods, horse tack, snuff, produce and groceries.

    Source: corporate.lowes.com, Our History

    The full Lowe's profile →

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    The Walt Disney Company · 1923

    4651 Kingswell Avenue — half of a real estate office

    With a contract for the Alice Comedies, Walt Disney rented the unused back half of a real estate office a couple of blocks from his uncle's house in Hollywood and moved in in October 1923. Soon the brothers rented the store next door, 4649 Kingswell — the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio's first real location.

    Source: D23 Disney A to Z “Kingswell Avenue”

    The full The Walt Disney Company profile →

71. 

    71

    Novo Nordisk · 1923

    A villa in Hellerup — Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium

    After August Krogh brought permission to make insulin home from Toronto, he and Hans Christian Hagedorn began extracting it in Hagedorn's villa in Hellerup, north of Copenhagen. Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium treated its first patients in March 1923.

    Source: novonordisk.com “Our heritage” · Novo Nordisk Foundation history

    The full Novo Nordisk profile →

72. 

    72

    adidas · 1924

    From a laundry room to a shoe factory

    Adi Dassler began experimenting in his mother's laundry room. In 1924 he and his brother Rudolf registered the “Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik” in Herzogenaurach.

    Source: adidas-group.com, History · “The History of adidas” (adidas magazine)

    The full adidas profile →

73. 

    73

    Lufthansa Group · 1926

    Founded at the Hotel Kaiserhof, Berlin

    On 6 January 1926 Deutsche Luft Hansa Aktiengesellschaft was founded at the Hotel Kaiserhof in Berlin, taking in Aero Hansa and large parts of Deutsche Aero Lloyd and Junkers Luftverkehr. Flight operations were based in Berlin-Johannisthal.

    Source: Lufthansa Group Chronicle

    The full Lufthansa Group profile →

74. 

    74

    ABN AMRO · 1926

    De Bazel, Vijzelstraat 32

    The Netherlands Trading Society (NHM), founded by King William I in the early 19th century, opened its new head office on the Vijzelstraat in 1926. Karel de Bazel designed it with engineer Dolf van Gendt; it is twice as tall and four times as deep as the canal houses beside it.

    Source: abnamro.com, Onze geschiedenis · Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, monument 46509

    The full ABN AMRO profile →

75. 

    75

    Marriott International · 1927

    A nine-seat root beer stand in Washington, D.C.

    J. Willard and Alice Sheets Marriott open an A&W root beer franchise in May 1927, which becomes the first Hot Shoppe, at 14th Street and Kenyon. Alice is the first bookkeeper, executive chef and interior designer.

    Source: marriott.com “Our Story” and “Marriott Family History”

    The full Marriott International profile →

76. 

    76

    Ferrari · 1929

    Scuderia Ferrari is founded in Modena

    Enzo Ferrari, then an Alfa Romeo driver, set up his racing team in Modena to race Alfa Romeo cars. The company was signed on November 16, 1929, at a notary's office in Modena.

    Source: Form 20-F 2025, History of the Company · Ferrari Magazine, “16 November 1929”

    The full Ferrari profile →

77. 

    77

    Toyota Motor Corporation · 1933

    An automobile division inside a loom maker

    Toyota began in 1933 as the automobile division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works (today Toyota Industries). On September 1, 1933 the loom works formally decided to enter the car business and began looking for a plant site.

    Source: Form 20-F FY2026, Item 4.A · Toyota 75-year history, Part 1 Ch. 2 Sec. 4 Item 2

    The full Toyota Motor Corporation profile →

78. 

    78

    Fujifilm · 1934

    Founded at the Ashigara factory

    Dai Nippon Celluloid finished a film factory in Minami-Ashigara village, Kanagawa, in 1933; Fujifilm says this became the head office of Fuji Photo Film, founded on January 20, 1934 to make photographic film in Japan.

    Source: Fujifilm Holdings, 90th-anniversary history

    The full Fujifilm profile →

79. 

    79

    Volkswagen Group · 1937

    Founded in Berlin, Kaiserallee 25

    On May 28, 1937 the “Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens” was founded in Berlin by the Nazi-era German Labour Front (DAF), with its first registered offices at Kaiserallee 25. It was entered in the Berlin register of companies on June 2, 1937.

    Source: Volkswagen Chronicle 1937–1945 (volkswagen-group.com)

    The full Volkswagen Group profile →

80. 

    80

    HP Inc. · 1938–39

    The garage at 367 Addison Avenue

    Dave and Lucile Packard rented the ground-floor flat; Bill Hewlett rented the shed out back. With $538 they began work in the garage, which served as lab, office and production department. Their first products, the 200A and 200B audio oscillators, were built here.

    Source: hp.com history timeline (1930s) · hp.com “HP's Garage: Past Perfected”

    The full HP Inc. profile →

81. 

    81

    Endesa · 1944

    Founded

    Endesa was founded on 18 November 1944. A year later work started on the Compostilla thermal power plant, which went into production in 1957.

    Source: endesa.com, Our history

    The full Endesa profile →

82. 

    82

    Sony Group · 1945

    A room on the 3rd floor of Shirokiya, Nihonbashi

    In September 1945 the company that became Sony started out in a room of thirty-odd square metres on the third floor of the Shirokiya department store in Nihonbashi. Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo — later Sony — was founded on May 7, 1946.

    Source: Sony History, Volume 1, Chapter 1 · Sony Corporate Data

    The full Sony Group profile →

83. 

    83

    Walmart · 1945

    Newport, Arkansas — where Sam Walton started

    When his military service ended in 1945, Sam Walton and his wife Helen moved to Newport, Arkansas — the start of the retail story that brought them to Bentonville five years later.

    Source: corporate.walmart.com, Sam Walton

    The full Walmart profile →

84. 

    84

    Honda · 1946

    A wooden building in Yamashita-cho, Hamamatsu

    In late summer 1946 a modest wooden building went up on a burned-out lot in Yamashita-cho, Hamamatsu — the small town factory where Honda's story begins.

    Source: Honda 75 Years of History, Chapter I, Section 1

    The full Honda profile →

85. 

    85

    H&M Group · 1947

    Hennes opens in Västerås

    Inspired by a trip to New York the year before, Erling Persson opens a womenswear store called Hennes (“Hers”) in Västerås, Sweden. He designs the logotype himself.

    Source: hmgroup.com, Our history

    The full H&M Group profile →

86. 

    86

    Repsol · 1951

    Escombreras, where the Repsol name was born

    REPESA (Refinería de Petróleos de Escombreras) was set up in 1948 to build a refinery in the Escombreras Valley near Cartagena. It opened in 1951 with a lubricants and asphalts plant, a cogeneration plant, marine facilities and a research centre. Repsol takes its name from REPESA's lubricant brand, chosen because it was well known and easy to say in many languages.

    Source: repsol.com, “Our History”

    The full Repsol profile →

87. 

    87

    McDonald's · 1955

    The first restaurant, in Des Plaines

    Ray Kroc opened his first McDonald's in Des Plaines, Illinois, on April 15, 1955 — the first McDonald's east of the Mississippi. That same year he became president of McDonald's.

    Source: corporate.mcdonalds.com Our History · mcdonalds.com FAQ “When was McDonald's founded?”

    The full McDonald's profile →

88. 

    88

    Visa · 1958

    BankAmericard starts in Fresno

    Bank of America launched BankAmericard, the first card with a “revolving credit” feature. The first cards went out in Fresno, California.

    Source: corporate.visa.com, “What we do” timeline · city: Wikipedia

    The full Visa profile →

89. 

    89

    Comcast · 1963

    Tupelo, Mississippi — one cable system

    Ralph Roberts founded the company by buying American Cable Systems, a cable system with 1,200 subscribers in Tupelo. Dan Aaron and Julian Brodsky joined as his earliest colleagues.

    Source: corporate.comcast.com company timeline

    The full Comcast profile →

90. 

    90

    Intel · 1968

    A conference room in Mountain View

    Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore incorporated Intel on July 18, 1968. About a dozen engineers started work on August 1 in a conference room of the old Union Carbide building on Middlefield Road in Mountain View.

    Source: intel.com, “Intel's Founding”

    The full Intel profile →

91. 

    91

    AMD · 1969

    Eight from Fairchild

    Jerry Sanders and seven others from Fairchild Semiconductor founded Advanced Micro Devices on May 1, 1969, in Sunnyvale, starting with logic chips.

    Source: historyofinformation.com · Wikipedia

    The full AMD profile →

92. 

    92

    Samsung Electronics · 1969

    Samsung Electronics is born

    Seven promoters, including founding chairman Byung-Chull Lee, met on December 30, 1968; Samsung Electronics was founded on January 13, 1969, in Suwon.

    Source: Samsung Newsroom “The History of Samsung Electronics (1)” · Wikipedia (place)

    The full Samsung Electronics profile →

93. 

    93

    Macquarie Group · 1969

    Gold Fields House — three employees

    On December 10, 1969, Hill Samuel Australia, a subsidiary of the UK merchant bank Hill Samuel & Co., opened at Sydney's Gold Fields House with three employees. It took the name Macquarie Bank when it became a bank in 1985.

    Source: macquarie.com History

    The full Macquarie Group profile →

94. 

    94

    Starbucks · 1971

    The first store, Pike Place Market

    Three friends — Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Siegl — opened a 1,000 sq ft (≈ 93 m²) shop selling whole-bean coffee, tea and spices, with one paid employee. It stood at 2000 Western Avenue.

    Source: about.starbucks.com “Our Original Store” and “Our Founders” · address: Wikipedia

    The full Starbucks profile →

95. 

    95

    SAP · 1972

    Founded in Weinheim, working at the customer

    Five former IBM employees founded SAP in 1972 and set up its headquarters in Weinheim, with an office in nearby Mannheim. The founders mostly worked inside a customer's data center a few miles away.

    Source: sap.com company history 1972–1980 · founders' names: Wikipedia

    The full SAP profile →

96. 

    96

    Cboe Global Markets · 1973

    A converted smoking lounge

    On April 26, 1973, Cboe opened as the world's first exchange for listed options, with a handful of screens in a converted smoking lounge in the Chicago Board of Trade Building.

    Source: cboe.com · Cboe press release, June 6, 2022

    The full Cboe Global Markets profile →

97. 

    97

    Microsoft · 1975

    Founded in Albuquerque, New Mexico

    Bill Gates and Paul Allen started Microsoft in 1975 in Albuquerque. The company's first office was in Two Park Central Tower, a 10-storey building downtown.

    Source: news.microsoft.com, “Facts about Microsoft” (1975, Albuquerque) · building as reported by Construction Reporter

    The full Microsoft profile →

98. 

    98

    Costco Wholesale · 1976

    Before Costco: Price Club in an airplane hangar

    The membership-warehouse idea began with Sol Price's Price Club, opened in a converted airplane hangar on Morena Boulevard in San Diego. Jim Sinegal helped shape it before co-founding Costco.

    Source: costco.com “About”

    The full Costco Wholesale profile →

99. 

    99

    SoftBank Group · 1981

    Founded in Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku

    Masayoshi Son founded Nihon SoftBank in Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, in September 1981 to distribute packaged software for personal computers. A year later it began publishing PC magazines.

    Source: Securities report (31st term) on group.softbank · SoftBank Group History

    The full SoftBank Group profile →

100. 

     100

     Infosys · 1981

     Founded in Pune with US$250

     N. R. Narayana Murthy and six engineers established Infosys in Pune. It was incorporated on July 2, 1981 as Infosys Consultants Private Limited, and its first client was Data Basics Corporation in New York.

     Source: Form 20-F FY2026, Item 4.A · infosys.com history

     The full Infosys profile →

101. 

     101

     Adobe · 1982

     Started in John Warnock's garage

     John Warnock and Charles Geschke founded Adobe in December 1982. The company began in Warnock's garage and took its name from Adobe Creek, which ran behind his house in Los Altos.

     Source: Wikipedia, “Adobe Inc.”

     The full Adobe profile →

102. 

     102

     Intuit · 1983

     A small room on University Avenue

     Scott Cook and Tom Proulx founded Intuit in 1983 in a small room on University Avenue in Palo Alto.

     Source: Wikipedia, “Intuit”

     The full Intuit profile →

103. 

     103

     ASML · 1984

     Strijp, Eindhoven — a Philips building and a leaky shed

     ASM Lithography was set up on April 1, 1984 by Philips and ASM International. 47 engineers from Philips' wafer-stepper group joined. The start-up began in Philips' Strijp TQ building in Eindhoven, soon outgrew it and added “some uncomfortable sheds” next to a Philips office.

     Source: asml.com: “ASML's founding story” (2024) and company history

     The full ASML profile →

104. 

     104

     Dell Technologies · 1984

     Founded by a University of Texas freshman

     As a freshman at the University of Texas in Austin, Michael Dell founded PC's Limited with $1,000. He left school at the end of his first year to work on the business full time.

     Source: dell.com, “How we got here” (timeline)

     The full Dell Technologies profile →

105. 

     105

     ING Group · 1987

     Amsterdamse Poort — the “Sandcastle”

     NMB Bank chairman Wim Scherpenhuijsen Rom drove the move to a new head office in Amsterdam's southeast, far from the old financial centre. Ton Alberts and Max van Huut designed an organic, nature-inspired building. ING calls it the head office of ING and its predecessors from 1987 until 2020.

     Source: ing.com news, Jul 31, 2020

     The full ING Group profile →

106. 

     106

     NVIDIA · 1992–93

     Before the first office, a Denny’s booth

     In late 1992 the three co-founders — Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky and Curtis Priem — decided to start the company over meals at this Denny’s on Berryessa Road in San Jose. NVIDIA was founded on April 5, 1993.

     Source: Founding date: NVIDIA corporate timeline · Denny’s story as reported by NBC Bay Area and Fortune

     The full NVIDIA profile →

107. 

     107

     Amazon · 1994

     A garage in Bellevue

     Jeff Bezos started Amazon in 1994 in the garage of his home in Bellevue, Washington. The first desks were doors from Home Depot with legs attached. Amazon.com opened in July 1995.

     Source: aboutamazon.com, “Amazon recreated the garage where Jeff Bezos started the company”

     The full Amazon profile →

108. 

     108

     Google · 1998

     A garage in Menlo Park

     Larry Page and Sergey Brin, who met at Stanford, incorporated Google in August 1998 and set up in a garage in suburban Menlo Park owned by Susan Wojcicki — 232 Santa Margarita Avenue.

     Source: about.google, “Our story” · street address from the photo’s Wikimedia Commons caption

     The full Google profile →

109. 

     109

     Tencent · 1998

     Founded in Shenzhen

     Tencent was founded in Shenzhen in November 1998. Ma Huateng, one of the core founders, has led it ever since.

     Source: tencent.com ESG reports page · Annual Report 2025 (directors' biographies)

     The full Tencent profile →

110. 

     110

     JD.com · 1998

     A first business in Beijing

     In June 1998 Richard Qiangdong Liu started his own business in Beijing, mainly distributing magneto-optical products.

     Source: Form F-1, November 21, 2014

     The full JD.com profile →

111. 

     111

     Akamai · 1998

     Out of MIT

     Akamai began at MIT, was incorporated in the fall of 1998 and moved into incubator space in Kendall Square.

     Source: Akamai press release (Nov 1, 2019)

     The full Akamai profile →

112. 

     112

     Baidu · 2000

     Founded in Zhongguancun

     Baidu was founded on January 1, 2000 in Zhongguancun, Beijing's technology district. The company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands that same month, with Robin Li as chairman from the start.

     Source: home.baidu.com “Company introduction” · Form 20-F FY2025

     The full Baidu profile →

113. 

     113

     Tesla · 2003

     Formed, and an office in San Carlos

     Tesla was formed in July 2003. Its early headquarters was in San Carlos, California.

     Source: Form S-1 (2010) · San Carlos HQ from the photo’s Wikimedia Commons caption

     The full Tesla profile →

114. 

     114

     Squarespace · 2003

     A dorm room at the University of Maryland

     Anthony Casalena started Squarespace from his dorm room. In the early years he was the only engineer, designer and support person.

     Source: Form S-1, April 2021 · squarespace.com/about/company

     The full Squarespace profile →

115. 

     115

     Shopify · 2004

     A table at the Bridgehead café on Elgin Street

     Tobi Lütke launched Snowdevil, an online snowboard shop, in November 2004 without an office — he worked from the Bridgehead coffee shop on Elgin Street, Ottawa. The company was incorporated on September 28, 2004.

     Source: Form 40-F Annual Information Form 2018 (incorporation) · Tobi Lütke interview, Ottawa Business Journal

     The full Shopify profile →

116. 

     116

     Etsy · 2005

     Founded in Brooklyn

     Etsy was founded in June 2005 in Brooklyn, New York, as a marketplace for handmade goods and craft supplies. The company was incorporated in Delaware in February 2006.

     Source: Form S-1, March 2015

     The full Etsy profile →

117. 

     117

     YouTube · 2005

     Above a pizzeria in San Mateo

     YouTube was registered as a website on February 14, 2005, and its first offices were above a pizzeria in San Mateo. That year co-founder Chad Hurley sketched the first logo on his way to the office, mixing the Caltrain logo with TV Guide.

     Source: YouTube Official Blog: “YouTube at 15” (Feb 14, 2020), “A step forward with the city of San Bruno” (Oct 13, 2021), “20 ways we're celebrating two decades of YouTube” (Apr 23, 2025)

     The full YouTube profile →

118. 

     118

     Spotify · 2006

     Founded in Stockholm

     Spotify began in April 2006 in Stockholm — “our first home”, as the company puts it. Its holding company, Spotify Technology S.A., was incorporated in Luxembourg on December 27, 2006.

     Source: 2018 listing prospectus (424B4) · lifeatspotify.com

     The full Spotify profile →

119. 

     119

     Adyen · 2006

     Founded in Amsterdam

     Adyen was founded in 2006 in Amsterdam by a group of entrepreneurs including Pieter van der Does and Arnout Schuijff. Schuijff signed Adyen's first office lease and hired its first engineers that year.

     Source: adyen.com/about · Press release “Co-founder and CTO Arnout Schuijff to step down”, Sep 23, 2020

     The full Adyen profile →

120. 

     120

     Dropbox · 2007

     Two founders, a two-hour meeting

     Y Combinator told Drew Houston he needed a co-founder, with three weeks to the deadline. A friend introduced him to Arash Ferdowsi, then an MIT student; they met in the coffee house at the student center and, after about two hours together, moved to California. Dropbox was incorporated in May 2007.

     Source: Dropbox blog, “Thank you, Arash” (Mar 20, 2020) · Form 10-K 2025, Corporate Information

     The full Dropbox profile →

121. 

     121

     Zalando · 2008

     A shared apartment on Torstraße

     Robert Gentz and David Schneider founded Zalando in fall 2008. The small team worked from a shared apartment on Berlin's Torstraße that had been turned into an office and warehouse, with shelf storage in the basement.

     Source: corporate.zalando.com, “Our history: from start-up to grown-up” · logistics network release

     The full Zalando profile →

122. 

     122

     Meta · 2009

     1601 California Avenue, Palo Alto

     Facebook moved into this Palo Alto building on May 14, 2009, its last home before Menlo Park.

     Source: Move date from the photo’s Wikimedia Commons caption

     The full Meta profile →

123. 

     123

     Cloudflare · 2009–10

     First office in downtown Palo Alto

     Cloudflare was incorporated in July 2009. On January 5, 2010 it opened its first office in downtown Palo Alto, as the team grew from three people to five — an open work area, break-out rooms and a sunny patio. The service launched on September 27, 2010.

     Source: Cloudflare Blog, “Cloudflare's New Home” (Jan 5, 2010) · Prospectus (424B4), 2019

     The full Cloudflare profile →

124. 

     124

     Uber · 2010

     A cube for four in the Financial District

     Uber's first space in San Francisco was a small cube for four people in the Financial District, subleased from another start-up, Zozi.

     Source: Uber Newsroom, “Office #7 in the 7×7” (2014)

     The full Uber profile →

125. 

     125

     Duolingo · 2011

     Founded at Carnegie Mellon

     Luis von Ahn, a computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University, and his Ph.D. student Severin Hacker founded Duolingo; it was incorporated in August 2011.

     Source: Form 10-K 2025 · Form S-1 2021

     The full Duolingo profile →

126. 

     126

     Notion · 2013

     Started in San Francisco

     Notion started in 2013 and first debuted in San Francisco. Its original pitch deck already described an all-in-one tool and a marketplace of things built on it.

     Source: Notion blog “100 Million of You” (2024) · IA project page “Notion”

     The full Notion profile →

127. 

     127

     Hewlett Packard Enterprise · 2015

     3000 Hanover Street, Palo Alto

     HPE became an independent company on November 1, 2015, when Hewlett-Packard Company (renamed HP Inc.) spun it off. Its first headquarters was 3000 Hanover Street in Palo Alto, California.

     Source: Form 10-K FY2015 to FY2018, cover page and Item 2

     The full Hewlett Packard Enterprise profile →

128. 

     128

     Nutrien · 2018

     PotashCorp + Agrium

     The merger of equals between Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan and Agrium took effect on January 1, 2018, creating Nutrien.

     Source: Form 40-F 2025 (MD&A)

     The full Nutrien profile →

129. 

     129

     Apple · The start

     A garage on Crist Drive, Los Altos

     Apple's story is usually told from the garage of Steve Jobs' parents' house on Crist Drive in Los Altos, a few kilometres from today's campus.

     Source: Photo caption: Wikimedia Commons (“Garage of Steve Jobs’ parents on Crist Drive in Los Altos”)

     The full Apple profile →

130. 

     130

     Broadcom · 60+ years

     Roots in Bell Labs and Hewlett-Packard

     Broadcom traces its history back more than 60 years to AT&T/Bell Labs, Lucent and Hewlett-Packard, and grew through acquisitions including LSI, Broadcom Corporation, Brocade, CA, Symantec's enterprise security business and VMware.

     Source: Form 10-K FY2025, Item 1

     The full Broadcom profile →

How we made this: every fact, photo and credit comes from the company profiles on eciffo, which cite the company’s own reports, press releases and architects. We add companies as their profiles are finished, so this list grows.